28. The word "dogma" in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) evaluation
(B) proof
(C) intention
(D) belief

34. The word "detect" in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) imitate the behavior of
(B) provide a reason for
(C) discover the presence of
(D) report a need for

35.Which of the following statements best describes the behaviorist position with regard to consciousness in nonhuman animals?

(A) Most nonhuman animals show signs of self-consciousness.
(B) Most monhuman animals can be taught self-consciousness.
(C) Chimpanzees are the only nonhuman animals that have a human level of self-consciousness.
(D) Nonhuman animals do not possess self-consciousness

36.The author suggests that researchers before 1960 probably avoided studying nonhuman animal consciousness because they

(A) did not wish to experiment with live animal subjects
(B) were discouraged by earlier unsuccessful experiments that studied human consciousness
(C) had not yet devised adequate research methods for animal consciousness experiments
(D) lacked the necessary laboratory equipment

37.The phrase "shied away from" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) approached
(B) avoided
(C) respected
(D) allowed

38.What does the author mean when stating in line 14 that "The experiment called for familiarizing the animal with the mirror?

(A) The experiment required the use of a chimpanzee that had not participated in previous mirror tests.
(B) Gallup had to allow the chimpanzee to become accustomed to the mirror before he began the experiment.
(C) Gallup had to teach the chimpanzee to recognize its reflection in the mirror.
(D) The chimpanzee had to first watch the experiment being conducted with another chimpanzee.

39.The word "it" in line 16 refers to

(A) red spot
(B) animal
(C) reflection
(D) another individual

40. The chimpanzee in Gallup's first experiment responded to the
mirror test by touching

(A) its own forehead
(B) the researcher's forehead
(C) the red spot on the mirror
(D)the red spot on another chimpanzee

41. The word "milestone" in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) significant development
(B) initial step
(C) universal concept
(D) obstruction to progress

　

Questions 42-50

Biological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only in the past two decades. The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems with the highest known species diversity on Earth, has awakened people to the importance and fragility of biological diversity. The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is jolting, but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all ecosystems. As the human population continues to expand, it will negatively affect one after another of Earth's ecosystems. In terrestrial ecosystems and in fringe marine ecosystems (such as wetlands), the most common problem is habitat destruction. in most situations, the result is irreversible. Now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of activities, such as disposal and run off of poisonous waste; in less than two centuries, by significantly reducing the variety of species on Earth, they have unraveled cons of evolution and irrevocably redirected its course.