Significantly, the use of exposed iron occurred mainly in the new building types spawned by the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition halls, and railroad stations, where its practical advantages far outweighed its lack of status. Designers of the railroad stations of the new age explored the potential of iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassed the great vauits of medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton's Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1848 feet by 408 feet in prefabricated units of glass set in iron frames. The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far with the Halle does Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ugly follies. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.

11.What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Advances in iron processing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
(B) The effects of t he Industrial Revolution on traditional architectural styles
(C) Advantages of stone and timber over steel as a building material
(D) The evolution of the use of iron in architecture during the 1800's

12.The word "revolutionized" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) quickly started
(B) gradually opened
(C) dramatically changed
(D) carefully examined

13.According to the passage, iron was NOT used for beams, columns, and girders prior to the early eighteenth century because

(A) all available iron was needed for other purposes
(B) limited mining capability made iron too expensive
(C) iron was considered too valuable for use in public buildings
(D) the use of charcoal for refining are produced poor quality iron

14. Iron replaced stone and timber in the building of bridges because iron was considered

(A) more beautiful
(B) new and modern
(C) much stronger
(D) easier to transport

15. The word "it" in line 11 refers to

(A) industrial architecture
(B) internal iron skeleton
(C) stone
(D) strength

16. The word "appeal" in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) adjustment
(B) assignment
(C) attraction
(D) attempt

17. The word "spawned" in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A)Created
(B)maintained
(C)rejected
(D)exposed

18. The word "surpassed" in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A)imitated
(B) exceeded
(C)approached
(D)included

19. According to paragraph 3, the architectural significance of the Halle des Machines was its

(A)wide span
(B)great height
(C)unequaled beauty
(D)prefabricated units of glass

20. How did the artistic elite mentioned in the passage react to the buildings at the Paris Exhibition?

(A) They tried to copy them.
(B) They ridiculed them.
(C) They praised them.
(D) They refused to pay to see them.

21. It can be inferred that the delayed use of exposed iron structures in traditional styles of architecture is best explained by the